The controversy lies in the translation of the word for God (theòs).
The Grammatical Issue
In Greek, nouns often have a definite article (like the word "the"), written as ho.
In Clause B ("the Word was with God"), the Greek is ton theon (The God). This refers to the specific person of the Father.
In Clause C ("the Word was God"), the word theòs lacks the definite article (ho). It is "anarthrous" (without article).
Interpretation A: "The Word was God" (Trinitarian View)
Most scholars and standard translations (KJV, NIV, ESV, NASB) translate this as "The Word was God."
Grammatical Argument: Greek grammar rules (specifically Colwell’s construction) suggest that when a predicate noun (God) comes before the verb, it usually drops the "the" but remains definite or qualitative.
The Meaning: John is describing the quality or essence of the Word. The Word possesses the same "God-ness" or divine nature as the Father, without being the Father.
Refuting the "Two Beings" theory: If John had used "The God" here, it would mean Jesus is the Father (a view known as Sabellianism). By leaving out "The," John distinguishes the persons while equating their nature.
Interpretation B: "The Word was a god" (Nontrinitarian View)
The New World Translation (NWT), used by Jehovah's Witnesses, renders this as "The Word was a god."
Grammatical Argument: They argue that because the definite article (ho) is missing, the noun should be treated as indefinite ("a god") to show class or category, similar to how one might say "John is a man."
The Meaning: This view argues that Jesus is a divine being—a powerful spirit creature—but he is not the Almighty God (Jehovah). He is a separate, created being; essentially a "second god."
The Result: This creates a theology of two distinct beings: One Almighty God, and one lesser god.
Summary of Interpretations
Feature
Trinitarian View (Standard)
Nontrinitarian View (e.g., Jehovah's Witnesses)
Translation
"And the Word was God."
"And the Word was a god."
Grammar Focus
Theos describes the nature/essence (Qualitative).
Lack of "the" (ho) means indefinite (a god).
Relationship
2 distinct Persons sharing 1 Being.
2 distinct Beings (Creator and creature).
Status of Jesus
Co-equal and co-eternal with the Father.
Created by the Father; powerful but subordinate.
Conclusion
The text refers to "two" because the Word is explicitly stated to be with God. The controversy is strictly whether this distinction results in two separate gods (one Big "G" and one little "g") or two persons sharing the one infinite nature of God.
The vast majority of Greek scholarship supports the "Qualitative" view ("The Word was fully God in nature"), arguing that if the Apostle John had intended to describe Jesus as "a god" in the lower sense, he had other specific Greek words (such as theios) available to make that distinction clearer.
clause c 😀