I don't think the years mean much. Babylon destroyed Jerusalem in 607 BCE (which is shown in the picture), but Babylon conquered Assyria several years earlier. Even before Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, Babylon was in control of Jerusalem. The destruction of Jerusalem was significant, but Babylon was exerting its power earlier than that.
Medo-Persia conquered Babylon in 539 BCE but was not conquered by Greece until 321 BCE. That period was 217 years.
The picture does not give a date for when Rome became the dominant world power.
England was a world power much earlier (even if they were not the dominant world power). It is said that "the sun never set on the British Empire" because Britian had colonies all over the world, including the Americas, India, Africa, and Australia. After the revolutionary war and the war of 1812, The US took the Americas and England kept their holdings in Europe, Asia, etc. England is more like a colony of the US now.
World War II was fought in Europe. After the war the European countries had to rebuild, but the US was spared that expense. The only battle that affected the American continent was Pearl Harbor. While the European countries were rebuilding, the US was building their wealth. The global currency had been the British pound but after WWII, it became the American dollar.
On the way up, the US spent money on educating people. The educated populous made technological advances and made the US more powerful. Today, China is spending money to educate their people, and the US is less willing to do that.
The American empire has been declining since the 70's. The Chinese economy has been growing at 2 or 3 times the rate of the American economy. If the trend continues the Chinese economy will overtake the American economy by about 2035. (That date may vary especially with what is going on right now.) The US paid for things in the past with taxes. No one wants to pay taxes. If the US raises taxes people will be upset. Rich people can spend large sums of money to remove a politician that dares raise taxes on them. Therefore no one raises taxes on the rich. So, the US has taken to borrowing money to pay expenses, thus the tremendous debt. Japan and China are the two biggest creditors, but Japan and China are no longer willing to buy American bonds because the US has shown to be unreliable in paying back the debt.
The US has the largest economy in the world (25% of global GDP), but when you alienate the rest of the world it is hard to compete with all of them, the other 75% of the global GDP.
The US is presently spending 9 (nine) times as much as its nearest competitor (China) on military. How long will that last? Who knows. Can the US continue to spend huge sums on military as their economy continues to fall, and their debt continues to grow? Other countries are unwilling to buy the US bonds, essentially loan money to the US. It is much more fun for empires on the way up than it is when the empire is declining. The Bible tells us that the Anglo/American empire will not completely fall before the end comes. We don't know when the end will come but it seems to be very close.
(Daniel 2:44) 44 “In the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed. And this kingdom will not be passed on to any other people. It will crush and put an end to all these kingdoms, and it alone will stand forever."
(Luke 21:28) . . .But as these things start to occur, raise yourselves erect and lift YOUR heads up, because YOUR deliverance is getting near.”