https://g1.globo.com/saude/noticia/2023/02/15/faz-bem-tomar-vinho-entenda-como-a-bebida-pode-ajudar-as-bacterias-do-bem-que-temos-no-intestino.ghtml
The article is in Portuguese, but it states that wine is good for the gut microbiota.
A study by the Heart Institute (InCor) of the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), shows that moderate consumption of red wine helps regulate the gut microbiota, a group of trillions of bacteria living in the intestine.
The microbiota is directly associated with diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, fat accumulation in the liver, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, its quality may be one of the factors that help prevent health problems.
In an interview with g1, the two cardiologists responsible for the study, Elisa Haas and Protásio Lemos, stated that the biggest discovery is that the microbiota can benefit from changes in the consumption of foods and beverages.
To better understand, it’s necessary to think of the microbiota as an ecosystem. In nature, diverse ecosystems are healthier. The doctor uses a metaphor and explains that just as the environment has suffered from destruction, it is believed that the human body is also going through a process of “impoverishment” of our “internal forest.”
The microbiota is acquired during birth (vaginal or C-section), and several factors influence its development over the years.
People who live in rural areas have a more diverse microbiota than those who live in cities. Likewise, people who have dogs also show greater diversity than those who do not.
250 ml of wine and improvement in the microbiota
Researchers chose red wine because it has a higher content of polyphenols, which can have a beneficial impact on several mechanisms of the human body.
More details about the study:
Conducted with a group of 42 male volunteers over the age of 60;
Volunteers had a history of heart disease (heart attack, catheterization, bypass surgery, carotid disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke);
For the study, each participant drank 250 ml of red wine daily for 5 days a week, over a period of 3 weeks;
They later went through an equal period of alcohol abstinence, both phases preceded by a two-week controlled diet;
The break served to compare biological analyses of participants before, during, and after consuming the beverage.
The result, explains cardiologist and co-author of the study Elisa Haas, showed improvement in the gut microbiota and changes in the blood related to better energy metabolism and antioxidant activity.
Protásio Lemos, senior cardiologist and researcher at InCor, emphasizes that the polyphenols in red wine have important effects on circulation.
“One of them is that they act as arterial vasodilators. This is very important because blood circulation heavily depends on arterial wall motility. They also naturally help prevent hemorrhage and have antioxidant properties,” he says.
Published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the “WineFlora Study” included specialists from Harvard Medical School (USA), the University of Verona (Italy), the Austrian Institute of Technology, the University of Campinas (Unicamp), the University of São Paulo, and the University of Brasília.
Improvements in the gut microbiota
“Red wine has a much higher content of polyphenols, a category of substances found in various foods. These compounds are produced by plants and fruits as protection against aggression, and for this reason they are believed to have beneficial effects when ingested,” says Elisa.
Because polyphenols are not absorbed by the digestive tract (stomach), they reach the intestine in a more intact form, functioning similarly to fiber.
This leads researchers to believe that they may act similarly to probiotics, which help balance the bacteria in the intestine.
Microbiota and immunity
The immune system is much stronger around the intestines, and during human development it is known that the microbiota “trains” the immune system, which in turn communicates with the central nervous system.
In other words, the hypothesis is that a healthy microbiota helps train the immune system to recognize and tolerate pathogens throughout life.
Western diets generally contain very little fiber, which is one of the most harmful factors for the gut microbiota.
— Elisa Haas, cardiologist and InCor researcher
Polyphenols
To maintain microbiota regulation, it’s necessary to follow a diet rich in polyphenols, which can also be found in vegetables and fruits, especially dark-colored ones like plums.
To treat patients who use antibiotics long-term, medications to restore the gut flora are also used; otherwise, problems can arise.
— Protásio Lemos, senior cardiologist and researcher at InCor
To maintain the benefits of wine — an alcoholic beverage — it is necessary to keep consumption within a maximum of 30 grams of alcohol per day.
For comparison, each standard drink has 12.5 grams of alcohol. Lemos explains that drinking two glasses of wine results in a quantity of alcohol below the recommended maximum. This is consistent with studies showing that possible benefits occur at low to moderate doses.
“When intake exceeds that, the incidence of cancer and mortality from accidents increases,” he concludes.